MARA GRAMMAR : PARTS OF SPEECH NATA AFFIX

MARA REIH LIATA 'PARTS OF SPEECH' NATA 'AFFIX'

~ Robert B Syuhlô @ Lôhpha paw, Admin

Mara reih rozie liata chyhsa hluhpi ta eima rairukhei tyhpa cha, pazao awpa nata pazao lei awpa kyh he a châ thlyu aw. He he eima pahnothai thei n'awpa ta eima theina rakha ta achhopasia awpa eimâ chhuah heih tua aw.

Ahmiatuachai ta, Mara reih liata reikah pachiahpa nano nanopazy (Parts of speech) nata bie abaipa/biebaipa (Affix) eima reih tua aw :

1). Parts of Speech (Reikah pachiahpa nano nanopazy)

Bie eima reipa tlyma, châ eima ropa tlyma, bietlohpa (sentence) tao awpa ta bie/reikah pachiahpa nano nanopa eima pazaopakhy tyh. Cha hawhpa reikah pachiahpa nano nanopa cha 'Parts of Speech' ama tahpa cha a châ. Mara reih liata 'Parts of Speech' 8 y ta, chanahzy cha eima moh tua aw.

1. NOUN  (Hmo moh) :

Hmo kheihawhpa rai, hmô theipa tlyma, hmô thei leipa tlyma, hria theipa tlyma, hria thei leipa tlyma, a mohta eima rei/aw theipa maih cha, cha hawhpa moh cha Noun (hmo moh) a châ.

Pamosana : Viahchao, mei, myuh, thokô, Lailai etc.

Noun he chi 5 lâta pachhaihpa châ heih ta. Chazy cha -

a). Proper Noun : Moh eihpa, mohropazy ta amâ hly thei leipa maih he 'Proper Noun' a châ.

Pamosana : Beinô, Mawmâ, Beinôzi, Vâbeithâ etc.

Proper Noun cha hawrawhpipa ta pathao lymâ awpa a châ.

aw). Common Noun: Moh ahly theipa maih he 'Common Noun' a châ.

Pamosana : chavah, tlâh, pavaw, râhsa, chyhsa etc.

y). Collective Noun : A py ta zy, a hlao ta zy, a hri ta zy, a chhôhkha chhôhkha ta a ypa zy reina he 'Collective Noun' a châ.

Pamosana : zawpi, pheisaih, hlapy etc.

b). Material Noun : Hmobaoh nata chhaichhi tlyma, cha hawhpa lâta pachâsa theipa zydua reina he 'Material Noun' a châ.

Pamosana : Dawhkâh, thua, tho, alô etc.

ch). Abstract Noun : Mohta hmô thei leipa nata, ku ta hria thei leipazy reina he 'Abstract Noun' a châ.

Pamosana : ziza, roh, kyhpachâna, sona, thaina etc.

2. PRONOUN (Moh vyuhpa) : Moh (Noun) vyuhpa ta hmâpazy he Pronoun a châ.

Pamosana : A, ano, âmo, ama, ei, keimo, keima.

Pronoun he chi nano nanopa chi 7 a y. Chazy cha -

a). Personal Pronoun : Chyhsa moh vyuhpa ta hmâpa châ ta, chyhsa pathôh reina lâta pachhaihpa a châ.

(1). First Person (Areihtuhpa)

(2). Second Person (Bie reipa vaw daotuhpa tlyma bie nâ kei chhopa)

(3). Third Person (A thâtih na reipa)

 

Pamosana :

(a). First Person liata hmâpazy :

Kei - Kei eih a châ. (Singular)

Ei - Châ ei roh (Singular)

Keima - Keima ta ei tao (Singular)

Na - Na pachu tua (Singular)

Keimo - Keimo khih a châ. (Plural)

Eima - Pati eima nie. (Plural)

Miah - Miah vaw pie tua. (Plural)

Pi - Siku kiah pi ta, châ eimâ chu (Plural)

(b). Second Person liata hmâpazy :

Na - Na pahno ma? (Singular)

Nâ - Nâ pasosa tu ha? (Singular)

Nâma - Nâma châbu a châ. (Singular)

Nama - Nama O a pha kaw. (Plural)

Ei - Ei cha chho ei. (Plural)

(c) Third Person :

A - A tao khai haw? (Singular)

Ano : Ano ta eina pie. (Singular)

Ama - Pati ama nie haw? (Plural)

Âmo - Âmo eih a châ khaw. (Plural)

Ei - Chavah lâ sie ei ta. (Plural)

b). Relative Pronoun : Relative Pronoun cha hmia lâta bie a y chiehpa, chyhsa tlyma, Pronoun tlyma reina/dyna châta bie hmâpa he a châ.

Pamosana :

He - He chapaw hawti he a hmisia kaw. 

Kha - Na biereipa kha pha ei tah kaw.

Cha - Na viasapa cha â vy ma?

c). Interrogative Pronoun : Bie hiahrina châta hmâpa maih he Interrogative Pronoun a châ.

Pamosana :

Ahy - Ahy e na châ?

Ahyzy - Ahyzy e avy ei?

Khâpa - Khâpa na khoh?

Khati - Khati a vaw tlô aw?

d). Demonstrative Pronoun : Hmo eima reipa pahnosatuhpa, adytuhpa, pahmôtuhpa, chhotuhpa châta hmâpazy he a châ

Pamosana :

He he - He he a pha (Singular)

Hao hao - Hao hao pha vei (Singular)

Khi khi - Khi khi na pie aw. (Singular)

Hezy - Hezy he a pha. (Plural)

Haozy - Haozy hao pha vei (Plural)

Khazy - Khazy kha a saihpa a châ (Plural)

Khizy - Khizy khi pie teh (Plural)

e). Indefinite Pronoun : Hmo sianô leipa liata moh vyuhpa ta hmâpa bie he Indefinite Pronoun a châ.

Pamosana :

Thokha - Thokha ta a pahâh ama tah

A hropa - A hropa pie mah y.

Ato - Ato a hnei paki.

Tlyma - Pakhazie tlyma amâ amâ vy.

Rai - Khâpa rai ei khoh.

f). Distributive Pronoun : A py ta tlyma, a hlao ta tlyma a ypa tawhta, pakha tlyma, sâkha tlyma panano ta pachhaih n'awpa ta bie hmâpa he a châ.

Pamosana :

Pakha - Ama hry liata pakha a sie.

Sâkha - He hry liata sâkha atlyh teh.

Lilaw - Sâkha lilaw vaw cheih tyh.

Thithaw - Na kho viapa thithaw atlyh teh.

g). Reflective Pronoun : Keimo nata keimosasyh areina he Reflextive Pronoun a châ.

Pamosana :

Keimasasyh - Keimasasyhta ei pasasa.

Anosasyh - Anosasyh ta â thie.

Nâmasasyh - Nâmasasyh ta nâ parao.

3. ADJECTIVE (Moh tlyma moh vyuhpa tlyma reihpasiatuhpa/chhopasiatuhpa) : Moh nata moh vyuhpa (Noun nata Pronoun) chhichâna, châna reihpasiatuhpa, chhopasiatuhpa he Adjective a châ.

Pamosana : Khochhih, sôh, angia, molei, pha, chhie etc.

Adjective chi nano nanopazy cha :

a). Adjective of Quality : Noun nata Pronoun châna, chhichâna reituhpa he Adjective of Quality a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Chaopasy saihpa â pasy.

('saihpa' heta a chaopasy apasypa châna reihpasia ta, Adjective of Quality a châ.)

(b). Chyhsa nônai kawpa a châ.

('nônai' tahpa heta kheihawhpa chyhsa ma a châ, tahpa reihpasia ta; Adjective of Quality a châ).

Adjective of Quality pamosana hropazy : pha, chhie, thawh, zaoh etc.

b). Adjective of Quantity : Noun nata Pronoun zy hluh nata chyhna lâ reina a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Chyhsa hluhpi ama thi.

('hluhpi' heta zawpi hluhna lâ palâsa ta, Adjective of Quantity a châ)

(b). Phusâ chyhta ei hnei.

Adjective of Quantity pamosana hropazy : chyh, khazie rakha, rachhôh etc.

c). Adjective of Number : Noun nata Pronoun nuhby zie a siapa ta reina a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Hawti pano amâ vy.

('pano' heta hawtipa zie reihpasia ta, 'Adjective of Number a châ)

Pamosana hropazy : Sâpangawh, sâthôh, sâkhana, hnôh chai etc.

d). Demonstrative Adjective : Noun nata Pronoun zy yna su reina nata pahmôsatuhpa a châ.

Pamosana :

(a) He bie he â do kaw.

('He' tahpa heta bie ama reipa yna kha dypa ta, pahmôsa ta, Demonstrative Adjective a châ)

Pamosana hropazy : Kha, khi, khu, hao etc

e). Possesive Adjective : Noun nata Pronoun zy hneituhpa ama châna reina a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). He he eima O a châ.

(Pronoun 'eima' heta O hneituhpa châna a reih.)

Pamosana hropazy : ama, eima, nama etc.

4. VERB (Hmotaopa) : Hmotaopa reina he Verb (hmotaopa) a châ.

Pamosana : Y, khoh, kyhpachâ, chapie, nie etc.

Châ ei chu.

O eima sa.

Tâkô ei chata.

Tlyhmia ei phi.

Verb he ku ta hriapa tlyma, sapa papielyupa ta taopa nata hriapa dei châ leipa ta, pachâna nata ydâhzy chhao a pahly khai.

Ei pangiasa

Chakeih ei chi kaw.

He liata pangiasa, chi tahpazy chhao he Verb a châ.

Verb he chi nano nanopa 3 y ta. Chazy cha :

a). Transitive Verb : Verb, a taotuhpa (subject) deita ta sia thei leipa, avaw daotuhpa (Object) ahlao cheingeipazy he Transitive Verb a châ.

Pamosana :

Ti ei doh.

He liana heta Ti he Object châ ta, ei he Subject châ ta, Doh he verb a châ.

He hawhpa hmotaopa (verb), ataotuhpa (Subject) nata hmotaopa vaw daotuhpa (Object) a hneipa he Transitive Verb cha a châ.

b). Intransitive Verb : Hmotaopa (verb) vaw daotuhpa (Object) ahlao leipa chhao ta hmotaopa (Verb) nata a taotuhpa (subject) deita chhao ta bietlohpa a châ theipa he Intransitive Verb a châ.

Pamosana :

Ei duah.

He liana heta EI he ataotuhpa (subject) châ ta, DUAH he hmotaopa (Verb) a châ. Hmotaopa vaw daotuhpa (Object) ahlao leipa chhao ta bietlohpa (sentence) a tloh thei.

c). Auxiliary Verb : Hmotaopa (Verb) baotuhpazy he Auxiliary Verb ama tah. Verb nahta â pakaoh lymâpa vâta Verb baotuhpa ama tah.

Pamosana :

Ei sie thai.

He liana heta EI he Subject châ ta, SIE he Verb châ ta, THAI he hmotaopa vaw baotuhpa, Auxiliary Verb a châ.

5. ADVERB (VAA reihpasiatuhpa) : Verb, Adjective nata ano Adverb lilaw reipasiatuhpa châta eima hmâpa he Adverb (VAA reipasiatuhpa) a châ.

Pamosana : Ngaita, syulyu, molo etc.

(1). Na kuzô â ngia ngaita kaw.

He bietlohpa (sentence) liana heta kuzô he Noun châ ta, cha cha ngia (Adjective) ta vaw chhopasia ta, ngaita kaw tahpa heta a kuzô â ngia a tahzie kaw reihpasia via heih ta, he hawhpa he Adverb cha a châ.

Adverb chi nano nanopazy :

a). Adverb of Time : He he daihti reina châ ta reikah eima hmâ tyhpa he a châ. Daihti khô chiehpa, atahmâ daihti nata daihti vaw y awpa pahno theina a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Zâhkô kha py 5 ei chu.

(aw). Zâhnia kha Siku ei kiah.

(y). Atahmâ he châ ei chu hai.

(b). Hâhkô la py 7 ei chu aw.

(b). Adverb of Place : He he hmotaona su nata hmotlôna su reina a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Hmialâ pangai suh vy.

(aw). He liata ei tyuh aw.

(y). Hao lia hao motor â duah.

(b). Khu lia khu lei a cho.

(c). Adverb of Manner : Hmotaozie nata chhichâna reina a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Â râ chatlie kaw.

(aw). Aly kawpa ta hlasa teh.

(y). Dusawta ta sie teh

(d). Adjectival Adverb : Adverb châ tlôh ta, Noun chhopasiatuhpa a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Â hluah chheih thlâh ha

(aw). A hmao a pabyuh thlâh ha.

(y). A pakieh sili ngâkaw.

 

(e). Emphatic Adverb : Hmotaodâh nata chhichâna reina liata a parawpachaw n'awpa ta bie alyu leipa eima hmâh tyh. Cha cha Emphatic Adverb a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). Tao raruah khâ.

(aw). Â zaw syulyu ha.

(y). Amâ la chhiechhu ngâ.

(b). Phiephuh pasi la, â daih.

 

6. POSTPOSITION (Bie hnôh pazipa) : English liata Preposition kha Mara reih liata cha Noun tlyma, Pronoun tlyma hnôhkyh lâta a y tyhpa vâta Postposition tahpa a châ.

Pamosana : liata, ta, tawhta, chô liata etc.

(a). Tâkô ta a chhaw.

(aw). Dawhkâh liata châbu a y

(y). Saikao tawhta ei kaw sie.

(b). Rakhô chô liata chhiezao a y.

(ch). Ei kiapâh ta a y.

(d). Eima likawh â hla kaw.

(e). Ei hnôhlâ vaw y tua.

Postposition thokha cha pakawh byuhpa y ta, chavâta Double Postposition a y thei tahna a châ.

Pamosana :

(a). O chhôh liata a y.

(aw). Rakhô chô liata ei soh.

(y). Hnôh lâta a vaw tlô.

7. CONJUNCTION (Bie pazaona) :

Noun nata Noun tlyma mohchho nata mohchho pazaotuhpa châta reikah eima hmâpa he a châ.

Pamosana : Chavâta, nata, châhrasala, tawhta cha, chatawhta, chatanachata, tlyma etc.

 

8. INTERJECTION (Bie palôh pahlawpa) : Palôhrupa liata eikhapi ta a vaw lâpa hmo tlyma apahlawna, palôhrupa a hriapa hmo kaw reipapuana reikah he Interjection a châ.

Interjection he ropa ta eima palâsa khoh khiahta cha ngiana, Exclamatory mark (!) soh tyhpa châ ta.

Pamosana : Chy! Eizavy! Nâ vyh! Hy! Aw! Khy! Etc.

 

TENSE

Tense cha daihti reina a châ. Hmo eima taopa nata hmo atlôpazy heta daihti hnei khai ta, daihti miah chhotuhpa reikahzy he Tense a châ.

Tense he miathôh (3) lâta pachhaihpa châ ta, chazy cha :

1). Present Tense : Present Tense cha daihti eima hmâ ngâhaipa reina a châ. Present Tense ngiana thokhazy cha - atahmâ, atanoh, atakô, hai, ngâ zy a châ.

Pamosana :

Atahmâ he pati ei nie.

Atanoh siku ei kiah.

Atakô he py 6 ei chu.

Châ ei roh hai.

Nohthlahpa ei roh ngâ.

2). Past Tense : Past Tense cha daihti khô chiehpa reina reikahzy a châ.

Past Tense ngiana thokhazy cha : Thiapawh, zâhnia, zâhkô, hlâno, ha, bâ, haw, khai zy a châ.

Pamosana :

Thiapawh ei vaw tlô.

Zâhnia ei pie.

Zâkô kha py 5 ei chu.

 vy ha.

Ei roh khai.

3). Future Tense : Future Tense cha daihti vaw tlô mâh leipa, a vaw y awpa reina a châ. Future Tense ngianazy cha : tavia, atazâ, mylâ, hânoh, aw, hâhkô zy a châ

Pamosana :

Tavia sy!

Atazâ hla achu sy!

Mylâ siku ei kiah aw.

Hânoh châta ei soh.

Pati ei nie aw.

AFFIX (BIE ABAIPA)

Mara reih liata pazao awpa nata pazao lei awpa pahnothai awpa ta cha 'Affix' he eima pahnothai tua awpa â ngiah.

Bie, yzie hnei awpa ta a hmia lâta nata hnôh lâta abaipa nata aziepa tlyma he Affix a châ.

Mara reih liata cha prefix nata suffix a y. Affix hrahro cha â kei baina bie nahta pazao lymâ awpa a châ.

a).Prefix (Bie hmia lâta abaipa) : Bie hmia lâta â baipa chi he Prefix (Bie hmia bai) a châ.

Mara reih liata prefix cha ‘a’ nata ‘pa’ zy he ama châ via chai. Mara reih liata prefix eima hmâ tyhpazy cha – a, pa-zy he ama châ tahna a châ.)

b).Suffix (Bie hnôh lâta abaipa) : Bie hnôh lâta â baipa chi he Suffix (bie hnôh bai) a châ.

Mara reih liata suffix-zy cha – chhih, zie, nah, na, khei, pa, sai, zy, sa zy he a châ via chai.

PREFIX

1.A

a). Pazao daihti :

‘A’ he prefix (bie hmia baipa) a châ tita pazao awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

apasu, akhaih, areithai, achhuahnoh, arâpasua, atobi, ahnei etc.

b). Pazao lei n'awpa daihti :

‘A’ he reikah pachiahpa nano nanopa (parts of speech) hry liatahpa a châ khiahta la pazao lei awpa, anoeihta ro awpa a châ.

Pamosana : A charei ha heih (he liata 'A' he pronoun vyuhpa ta hmâpa a châpa vâta pazao ma pi)

Pati A nie ngâkaw. (He liata A he moh vyuhpa/pronoun a châpa vâta anoeihta ropa a châ)

2.PA

PA he bie hmialâ tlyma, hnôhlâ tlyma sopa a châ tita, â kei baina bie nahta pazao cheingei awpa a châ.

Prefix châta PA hmâ tita, a hmia lâta bie nahta pazao cheingei awpa a châ.

Pamosana : Patusa, pamosa, paniesa, pathaisa etc.

Suffix châta PA hmâ tita, a hnôh lâta bie nahta pazao cheingei awpa a châ.

Pamosana : taotuhpa, chyhsapa, moleipa, daohtaopa, pachutuhpa etc.

SUFFIX

Suffix eima tahpa cha biesâ/mohchho liata a hnôh lâta â baipa he a châ. Mara reihta cha 'BIEHNÔHBAI' eima tah thei aw.

Mara reihta biehnôhbai (suffix)-alâluah viapazy cha :

'sa, na, sai, nah, chhih, tuh, khei, zie' zy he ama châ.

SA

'SA' he biehnôhbai (suffix) ta eima hmâ tita, pazao/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

Pamosa, Patusa, Paniesa, Pathiesa, Chaleisa, Pasasa etc.

Pazao lei n’awpa daihti

Anodeikua, SA he hmohropa reina châta hmâpa a châ deikua khiahta la pazao lei awpa -

'SA (Meat) eimâ hmie'

'Hla ama SA (Sing)'

NA

NA he biehnôhbai a châ khiahta cha pazao/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

Ngiachhiena, Khochhihna, Chareina, Tiamana, Hlaotlohna, Vâduana, etc.

Pazao lei n’awpa daihti

NA he hmo/moh vyuhpa ta eima hmâh deikua khiahta lapazao lei awpa -

'NA chhoru kaw na'

SAI

SAI he biehnôhbai ta hmâ tita, pazao/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

Thisai, siesai, aheisai, chareisai, arâsai, etc.

Pazao lei n’awpa daihti

SAI he hmohropa reina châta hmâpa a châ deikua khiahta la pazao lei awpa -

'Nama O tawhta na vaw SAI (mokhâh) mah y'

NAH

NAH he biehnôhbai ta hmâpa a châ khiahta cha pazao/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

Nônah, Pawnah, Hawtinah, Satlianah, Laihsanah, etc.

Pazao lei n’awpa daihti

NAH he bie pazaona châta hmâpa a châ deikua khiahta la pahla awpa -

Nâ NAH (and) kei

CHHIH

CHHIH he biehnôhbai ta hmâpa a châ khiahta cha pazao awpa/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

Khochhih, Lychhih, Rietheichhih, Ngiachhiechhih, etc.

KHEI

KHEI he biehnôhbai (suffix) ta hmâpa a châ tita pazao/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

taokhei, hriakhei, siekhei, hmâkhei, chareikhei, etc.

Pazao lei n'awpa dahti

'Khei' he hmotaopa (verb) hawhta hmâpa a châ tita pazao lei awpa.

Pamosana :

Sahphâ eima khei.

Phusâ eima khei.

PA

PA he biehmiabai tlyma, biehnôhbai ta tlyma hmâpa a châ tita pazao rairie awpa a châ.

Pamosana :

Niepa, siepa, lapa, chaleipa, patupa, alaipa, atatawpa etc.

TUHPA

'TUHPA' he pazao/pahnia awpa a châ.

Pamosana -

Taotuhpa, parutuhpa, patutuhpa, hlasatuhpa, arohtuhpa, sathietuhpa, chaleituhpa, zuahtuhpa etc.

ZIE

Mara reih liata ZIE biesâ he a hmâna kao nano nanopa y ta, cha raohpa ta a aony eima parosazie ta â nano laih heih hra. He liata ZIE eima vaw reipa he cha -

'Hrozie, Yzie, Taozie, pachâzie' tahpa liata ZIE he eima reipa a châ. He hawhpa liata ZIE he biehnôhbaipa (Suffix) ta eima hmâ tita pazao awpa a châ.

pachâzie (Pachâdâh tah lei awpa)

Yzie (ydâh châ leipa ta).

[He he YZIE (Awmzia/Definition tahna) nahta deikua alyu vei.]